Adaptation strategies of Cunninghamia lanceolata seedlings to light intensity gradients based on morpho-physiological trade-offs

These results indicate that <i>C. lanceolata</i> seedlings used a dual adaptation strategy that combined "photoprotection under high light intensity" with "efficient resource utilization under low light intensity" through coordinated morphological and physiological adjustments. Our study provides a scientific basis for managing nursery light conditions and plantation light environment during early development of <i>C. lanceolata</i> seedlings. Specifically, we recommend a 68% light intensity for optimal seedling production.