Challenges in diagnosing renal squamous cell carcinoma: a case report with emphasis on histopathology

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the primary renal pelvis is an exceptionally rare tumor. It can often lead to infection, persistent discomfort, and nephrolithiasis. It is uncommon in the renal pelvis; instead, it usually occurs in the transitional epithelium of the urinary tract. Here, we report the case of a 60-year-old male who presented with a standing history of pain and tenderness over the right hypochondrium. A large, solid cystic lesion was noted in the right kidney during the imaging study. A moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the kidney was diagnosed on histopathology. A complete right nephrectomy was performed. Although the primary SCC of the kidney is rare, the uncommon location of this type of tumor emphasizes the case's relevance, and it should be taken into account when making a differential diagnosis of renal tumors.