Piezoresistive Natural Rubber Composites: A Comparison Between Low‐Temperature Glutaraldehyde Curing Agents and Conventional Sulfur Curing Systems

ABSTRACT This study examines the piezoresistive behavior of natural rubber (NR) composites cured with sulfur (S) and glutaraldehyde (GA) and reinforced with a hybrid conductive system of conductive carbon black (CCB) and carbon nanotubes (CNT). GA‐cured NR composites demonstrated superior mechano‐electrical performance, achieving a tensile modulus of 2.05 MPa at 100% strain, tensile strength of 9.6 MPa, electrical conductivity of 10.2 μS/cm, and a gauge factor of 226 at 300%–500% strain. The improvement in modulus and piezoresistive response is attributed to the homogeneous distribution of crosslink points in the GA‐cured NR network. Notably, the secondary electrical signal peak observed in S‐cured NR sensors was eliminated with GA curing. Furthermore, GA‐cured composites exhibited reduced signal drift (dynamic cycling) and relaxation (quasi‐static cycling) compared to S‐cured composites. Long‐term soft tendon actuator tests confirmed the enhanced stability of GA‐cured systems. These findings indicate that GA‐cured NR composites with hybrid CCB/CNT fillers combine high stretchability, stability, and sensitivity, making them promising candidates for high‐performance piezoresistive sensors. Leveraging renewable NR, this approach supports sustainable development while enabling applications in wearable electronics, soft robotics, and health monitoring systems.

Authors

Institutions

Publication Details

Journal
Polymer Composites
Published
2025-09-18
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.70427
Citations
1
Primary Topic
Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.67
Controls
|||
ALL TIME
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
article

Piezoresistive Natural Rubber Composites: A Comparison Between Low‐Temperature Glutaraldehyde Curing Agents and Conventional Sulfur Curing Systems

Rawiporn Promsung, Frank Jorg Clemens, Ekwipoo Kalkornsurapranee, Antonia Georgopoulou et al.
1 citations
Polymer Composites
Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
0.67
article

Piezoresistive Natural Rubber Composites: A Comparison Between Low‐Temperature Glutaraldehyde Curing Agents and Conventional Sulfur Curing Systems

Rawiporn Promsung, Frank Jorg Clemens, Ekwipoo Kalkornsurapranee, Antonia Georgopoulou, Yeampon Nakaramontri, Arthittaya Chuaybamrung
article en
1 citations

Abstract

ABSTRACT This study examines the piezoresistive behavior of natural rubber (NR) composites cured with sulfur (S) and glutaraldehyde (GA) and reinforced with a hybrid conductive system of conductive carbon black (CCB) and carbon nanotubes (CNT). GA‐cured NR composites demonstrated superior mechano‐electrical performance, achieving a tensile modulus of 2.05 MPa at 100% strain, tensile strength of 9.6 MPa, electrical conductivity of 10.2 μS/cm, and a gauge factor of 226 at 300%–500% strain. The improvement in modulus and piezoresistive response is attributed to the homogeneous distribution of crosslink points in the GA‐cured NR network. Notably, the secondary electrical signal peak observed in S‐cured NR sensors was eliminated with GA curing. Furthermore, GA‐cured composites exhibited reduced signal drift (dynamic cycling) and relaxation (quasi‐static cycling) compared to S‐cured composites. Long‐term soft tendon actuator tests confirmed the enhanced stability of GA‐cured systems. These findings indicate that GA‐cured NR composites with hybrid CCB/CNT fillers combine high stretchability, stability, and sensitivity, making them promising candidates for high‐performance piezoresistive sensors. Leveraging renewable NR, this approach supports sustainable development while enabling applications in wearable electronics, soft robotics, and health monitoring systems.

Polymer CompositesVol. 47(5)
Prince of Songkla University (TH), King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (TH), Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (CH)
Openalex Percentile: Top 27%
Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
0.67
AI Navigator

Ask Laika to Summarize, Analyze, and Connect papers live on the map.

Summarize Papers & Methodologies

Extract key findings, datasets, and comparative methods across publications.

Benchmark Rankings & Visual Analytics

Rank top research institutions, authors, funders, topics, and journals by Field-Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI) and paper volume with instant charts.

Connect Distant Disciplines

Bridge topological clusters on the map to find hidden collaborative intersections.