Arbutin as a potential nephroprotective agent: Dose-related effects in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) presents a complex pathophysiology characterized by oxidative stress and inflammation. Arbutin, widely recognized for its use in skin whitening, also exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. This study aimed to assess the potential protective effects of arbutin at two different doses against IRI in the kidneys. Twenty-four male Wistar albino rats were randomly assigned to four equal groups: Control, IRI, 250 mg/kg arbutin + IRI (AR250+IRI), and 1000 mg/kg arbutin + IRI (AR1000+IRI). Arbutin was administered orally via gavage for 14 days to ensure sub-acute application. Following left kidney nephrectomy, ischemia was induced in the right kidney using a non-traumatic clamp for 45 minutes, succeeded by 60 minutes of reperfusion. Blood and tissue samples were subsequently collected for analysis. In the IRI group, levels of malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase, interleukin-1 beta, and creatinine were significantly elevated; these levels decreased in the groups receiving arbutin supplementation. Notably, ischemia-modified albumin, urea, superoxide dismutase (inhibition ratio), and tumor necrosis factor alpha levels were reduced in the AR1000+IRI group. Additionally, decreased levels of catalase and glutathione peroxidase were observed in the AR1000+IRI group. Histopathological examination revealed flattening, necrosis, degeneration, dilation, glomerular necrosis, sclerosis, Bowman capsule dilation, and interstitial hemorrhage in the IRI group. The AR250+IRI group exhibited mild cortical-medullary congestion and a slight increase in glomerular size. Conversely, the AR1000+IRI group displayed a histological appearance resembling that of the control group. In conclusion, arbutin demonstrates potential protective effects against IRI. Its use may be recommended prophylactically for individuals at risk of developing IRI.