Finite Element Modeling of Human–Seat Interaction and the Integration of 3D-Printed Foam in Enhancing Sitting Comfort: A Systematic Review

The aim of this systematic review is to summarize studies that apply the finite element method (FEM) to simulate human–seat interaction, while also evaluating the role of 3D-printed foam materials in enhancing sitting comfort. These studies employ a variety of human body models, ranging from basic to fully detailed representations including muscles, bones, and joints. Although simulation methods have continuously evolved, contact pressure remains the most commonly used evaluation metric. Additionally, 3D printing is a technology that enables the customization of material structures and has gained increasing attention due to its wide applicability in engineering. Recognizing the potential of 3D-printed foams in improving pressure distribution, this review systematically analyzed 42 full-text papers. The findings reveal a significant gap in the integration of 3D printing technology into foam design using FEM for the human–seat interface. This identifies a promising direction for future research.