Problems of the preservation of historical heritage in the context of urban landscape modernisation

The relevance of the study is that in the context of accelerated modernisation of urban space in the first quarter of the 21st century, contradictions between development strategies and mechanisms for the protection of historical heritage significantly intensified, which require a scientific understanding of the applied practices and institutional models. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that determined the success or inefficiency of programmes for the preservation of architectural monuments and the urban environment in the context of growth, investment pressure, and the transformation of regulatory regulations. The research methodology was based on a comparative analysis of legal systems, urban planning approaches, and empirical cases in three cities: Bishkek, Prague, and Rome. The results of the study demonstrated that the effectiveness of conservation strategies directly depended on a combination of the rigidity of the legal status of cultural heritage sites, the availability of economic incentives (subsidies, tax incentives, financing programmes), the level of digital support for monitoring the condition of monuments, and the degree of involvement of local communities in urban planning decisions. Institutional instability and legal dualism were recorded in Bishkek, which contributed to the reversibility of the protected status and the accelerated loss of iconic objects. Prague has shown the viability of a multi-stage conservation model based on zoning and coordination mechanisms, while Rome has demonstrated the potential of digital technologies and the integration of cultural policy with the logic of a smart city. It was concluded that the stability of the historical landscape was ensured in the presence of an integrated management model that includes three interrelated components, regulatory protection, economic feasibility, and technological adaptation. Under the conditions of urban pressure, it was the synthesis of legal, technical, and socio-cultural mechanisms that allowed not only to preserve the material layers of historical memory, but also to integrate them into the strategic development of the modern urban environment