Optimisation of the composition and properties of decorative columns and arches using travertine (shell limestone)

The need to enhance the durability and aesthetic stability of decorative architectural elements under the climatic conditions of the Kyrgyz Republic underscores the relevance of researching the properties of natural building materials such as travertine. The aim of this study was to analyse the physical and mechanical characteristics of travertine and optimise its properties for effective use in the design of decorative columns and arches. The research involved comprehensive laboratory methods, including tests for compressive strength, water absorption, abrasion resistance, frost resistance, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation resistance. The experiments examined the behaviour of travertine under variable humidity and temperature fluctuations. It was established that the material has a compressive strength of 45-55 MPa but shows water absorption of up to 10-15%, indicating its porous structure and the need for additional protection. The abrasion coefficient ranged from 0.8 to 1.2 mm, while compressive strength decreased by 15-20% after 50 freeze-thaw cycles. The study of hydrophobic and polymeric impregnations revealed a twofold reduction in water absorption and an increase in frost resistance. The paper also summarises data on the deterioration of travertine’s decorative qualities under UV exposure and proposes technological solutions to preserve them. The practical value of this research lies in the development of recommendations for travertine treatment to improve its performance characteristics. These findings can be applied by architects, designers, restorers, and construction professionals when designing buildings and structures in the sharply continental climate of Kyrgyzstan