AS Spatiotemporal Analysis of LSCI Variations in ASEAN Using ANOVA and Cluster Techniques (2017–2022)

This study investigates maritime connectivity performance in ASEAN countries using the Liner Shipping Connectivity Index (LSCI) from 2019 to 2023. It aims to identify significant trends, segment national performance, and provide policy-relevant insights on regional maritime development. The research is grounded in transport connectivity and regional integration theory, emphasizing the role of liner shipping as a critical enabler of trade efficiency and economic cooperation in Southeast Asia. The study employs a quantitative approach using longitudinal LSCI data across ten ASEAN member states. It applies descriptive statistics, linear regression modeling for each country, and clustering through k-means (fastclus) to categorize national maritime connectivity performance. Indonesia records the highest average LSCI (49.28), indicating a consistent lead in regional maritime connectivity. Cambodia demonstrates the strongest upward trend with a significant positive slope (β = 0.98; p < 0.01), followed by Myanmar (β = 0.61; p < 0.05) and Laos (β = 0.58; p < 0.01). Cluster results suggest three distinct groups of countries based on average connectivity levels, highlighting disparities and the need for policy harmonization. The regression models explain up to 94% of the variance in several countries' LSCI growth. The findings support regional policy formulation to strengthen weaker maritime economies and align ASEAN maritime strategies with trade facilitation goals. This study presents a novel integration of trend modeling and cluster segmentation of LSCI data within the ASEAN context. It contributes both theoretically to the study of maritime connectivity metrics and practically to policy and infrastructure development.