Investigating farmers’ perceptions and climate change related apprehensions in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Humanity’s future on Earth faces significant challenges due to the impacts of climate change. Pakistan is exceptionally vulnerable to the ongoing repercussions of climate change, due to its arid and semi-arid climate, which is further exacerbated by inadequate management of natural resources. Recognizing this global phenomenon is of utmost importance for farmers, as it significantly influences their adaptation strategies. This research examined farmers’ perceptions, encompassing their beliefs and concerns about climate change, as well as their perspectives on adapting to various challenges. Using structured interviews, data were collected from a randomly selected sample of 52 farmers across the Kohat, Hangu, and Karak districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The outcomes revealed that farmers primarily attribute climate change to human activities. A notable focus on the negative consequences of climate variations encompassed issues such as water scarcity, insect invasions, crop diseases, and increased thermal stress. The research also highlighted noteworthy barriers impeding adjustments, including limited awareness of effective coping strategies and inadequate state and financial support. The non-parametric assessment revealed minimal notable differences in farmers’ attitudes, anxieties regarding climate fluctuations, and views on the difficulties associated with adaptation when examined based on their demographic traits. Based on these discoveries, the government is advised to initiate capacity-building programs to enhance farmers’ ability to adapt to changing conditions. Furthermore, offering financial incentives wherever necessary could encourage the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices, ultimately contributing to the establishment of a resilient national food system