A multi-objective optimization approach for Air Quality and Energy plans

This study addresses a multi-pollutant, multi-objective optimization problem to identify efficient air quality control strategies for the cities of the Po Valley, Northern Italy. The objective is to minimize PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations while considering the feasibility of achieving the new European Directive, reducing health impacts. The evaluation is conducted for 2030, assessing air quality projections under current legislation and additional emission reduction measures (including end-of-pipe, energy, and fuel-switch). Results show that current legislation ensures compliance with NO₂ standards, but PM2.5 remains above the threshold in several cities due to secondary formation. Additional measures reduce PM2.5-related deaths by 29% and NO₂-related mortality drops virtually to zero. The co-benefits of additional air quality policies on greenhouse gas emissions reduction are estimated at 17% of the current legislation in 2030.