Mitigating Microplastic Contamination: Evaluating PET Water Bottles and the Role of PLA Plant-Based Bottles in a Circular Economy for Reduced CO2 Emissions

This study examines the environmental and public health challenges associated with microplastic contamination from PET water bottles and evaluates the potential of polylactic acid (PLA) as a sustainable alternative within a circular economy framework. Employing comprehensive data collection, sampling, and life cycle assessment (LCA) methodologies, the research compares the material properties, recyclability, and CO₂ emission profiles of PET and PLA. Global indices, with a particular focus on India and West Bengal, are analyzed to determine microplastic release levels and the broader environmental implications of each material. Results indicate that while PET water bottles continue to contribute significantly to microplastic pollution and exhibit high CO₂ emissions across their lifecycle, PLA offers advantages through its biodegradability and lower carbon footprint. The comparative analysis underscores PLA’s alignment with circular economy principles by promoting resource efficiency and sustainable waste management practices. Key findings suggest that transitioning from PET to PLA in water bottle production could substantially reduce environmental impacts and enhance public health outcomes. Overall, this research supports the adoption of PLA as a viable alternative for mitigating plastic pollution, fostering a more sustainable packaging industry, and contributing to global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.