Recent advances in magnetorheological materials and applications in robots and medical devices

Abstract Magnetorheological (MR) materials are smart materials whose rheological properties change significantly under the influence of magnetic fields. These materials mainly include fluids, elastomers, and greases. The components of MR materials consist of magnetic particles, a non-magnetic carrier liquid or matrix, and additives. The unique MR effect of these materials makes them widely used in robotics and medical devices. Improving the properties of MR materials and utilizing their characteristics are of great significance for the design and application of modern electromechanical devices. Therefore, this paper presents the composition, characteristics, and working principles of MR materials, as well as the latest progress in their applications in robotics and medical devices. Firstly, the composition and fabrication process of MR materials are introduced. Then, devices based on MR materials, including actuators, clutches, dampers, pumps, grippers for robots and medical devices, and MR robots, are extensively reviewed. Finally, a discussion of future research directions and technological challenges is provided as the conclusion of this review. The aim is to provide useful information to facilitate the design of robots and medical devices.