Towards a digital future: A conceptual framework for manuscript preservation system in India under National Mission for Manuscripts (NMMs)

AbstractPurposeThis study aims to examine the current landscape of manuscript digitisation in India, with a specific focus on the National Mission for Manuscripts (NMMs). It evaluates the institutional and technological infrastructure supporting preservation and accessibility, and proposes a conceptual framework aligned with the objectives of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and Viksit Bharat 2047.Design/Methodology/ApproachThe study adopts a descriptive and analytical research methodology, using secondary data sourced from NMM’s annual reports, the Ministry of Culture and the Kriti Sampada manuscript database. It evaluates the roles of Manuscript Resource Centers (MRCs), Manuscript Conservation Centres (MCCs) and Gurukul centres in conservation, documentation and digitisation. Additionally, Gephi (v0.10.1) is used to visualise institutional and academic linkages, while Microsoft Word and Excel support data organisation and framework development.FindingsThe research highlights that while documentation efforts have been robust, digitisation activities lag due to technological and institutional challenges. The Kriti Sampada database reveals Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra as key manuscript-holding states. The study identifies promising technological advancements such as AI-powered OCR, digital restoration tools, blockchain-based preservation and virtual libraries. It also finds that initiatives like Tattvabodh lectures and outreach programs contribute to awareness and knowledge dissemination but require broader scaling and international collaboration.Originality/ValueThis study offers a novel conceptual framework for large-scale manuscript digitisation in India, integrating emerging technologies with traditional preservation models. It provides policy-relevant insights aligned with NEP 2020 and Viksit Bharat 2047, addressing systemic challenges and proposing future directions to build a sustainable, digitally empowered manuscript preservation ecosystem.