FORMS AND PATRONAGE IN ODISHAN TEMPLES: REAPPRAISAL OF ECONOMIC HISTORY IN ANCIENT ODISHA (FROM 5TH-15TH CENTURY CE)

A comprehensive, region-focused study of temple patronage in early medieval Odisha (5th15th century CE) is feasible through the analysis of extant architectural remains, epigraphically records, textual references, and art historical representations. While existing scholarship has examined major Odishan temples, the specific aspect of patronage has not been adequately explored as a central theme. However, the economic vitality and operational continuity of these temples were fundamentally dependent on benefactions from diverse social groups, underscoring the singular importance of patronage. These temples were interconnected within a regional network, facilitating mobility and exchange. The relatively unified political landscape under successive dynasties further eased movement within Odisha. Donative records reveal that donors originated from both distant and neighboring territories, indicating a broad geographical reach of temple influence. Inscriptional evidence from dynastic rulers demonstrates the active involvement of both royalty and their subordinates in the establishment and maintenance of temple traditions and associated structures. Patronage encompassed the construction of various temple types and ancillary buildings within monumental temple complexes. The period witnessed a significant surge in temple building activities. The pursuit of religious merit through donations was a universal motivation, transcending social and political hierarchies. Beyond religious merit, patronage also conferred recognition, prestige, and, in certain cases, political legitimacy.