Lanthanide-based Luminescent Nanoparticles for Neuroimaging and Neural Modulation

Abstract Neuroscience research central to both the International Brain Initiative and China' s brain science strat egy seeks to unravel the complexities of the brain and address neurological disorders with technological innovation at its core.Key to advancing this field is the development of non-invasive imaging techniques with high spatiotempo ral resolution and precise controllable neural modulation methods.Traditional imaging modalities such as MRI and CT are constrained by limitations in biological safety resolution and tissue penetration.In parallel external field modulation techniques-based on mechanical thermal acoustic and magnetic principlesare hindered by insuffi cient spatiotemporal resolution and slow response times.Recently near-infrared light has emerged as a promising tool in brain science due to its superior tissue penetration and minimal phototoxicity.Among these lanthanide-based luminescent nanoparticles stand out as key agents for near-infrared light-driven technologies capable of emitting tun able ultraviolet visible and near-infrared light upon near-infrared excitation.These nanoparticles have found wide spread applications in biomedical detection precise diagnostics and intraoperative navigation.This review provides a comprehensive summary of the latest advancements in the use of lanthanide-based luminescent nanoparticles for neuroimaging and neural modulation identifies existing technological challenges and explores future directions from the perspectives of materials science chemistry and biomedicine.The review aims to foster interdisciplinary