NIR-<bold>Ⅱ</bold> Luminescent Probes for Bioimaging

Abstract Optical imaging in the second near-infrared window (NIR- 1 000-2 000 nm) significantly improves in vivo imaging depth and resolution by reducing tissue scattering and autofluorescence.Over the past decade the development of diverse NIR- probes and imaging setups has enabled NIR- imaging to overcome the penetration depth limitations of conventional optical techniques achieving cross-scale dynamic observation from macroscopic an atomical structures to microscopic molecular events thereby providing revolutionary tools for biomedical research.This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the design of NIR- luminescent probes and their biomedi cal applications.The optical properties of various NIR- probes are discussed with a focus on their innovative ap plications in anatomical structure imaging precision tumor diagnosis and therapy real-time tracking of molecular events in vivo responsive imaging microenvironment visualization and the construction of integrated theranostic platforms.Finally critical summaries and perspectives on the development and applications of NIR- luminescent materials are presented highlighting their potential for broader impacts in fundamental research and clinical translation.