Potential landslide detection and influencing factors analysis in the upper Yellow River based on SBAS-InSAR technology

Abstract This study examined the frequent occurrence of landslide disasters in the upper reaches of the Yellow River (from Gonghe to Xunhua) using Sentinel-1A data from January 2021 to December 2023 and integrating it with small baseline subset interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SBAS-InSAR) technology to extract surface deformation rates and combine optical remote sensing imagery to detect potential landslides. The annual average ground deformation rate in the study area ranged between −139 and 73 mm/a along the ascending track, whereas it exhibited broader variation from −237 to 123 mm/a along the descending track. Through the integration of SBAS-InSAR measurements with optical remote sensing imagery, we successfully identified potential landslides within the research area. Specifically, 171 potential landslides were detected in the ascending track and 154 in the descending track, with 98 overlapping landslides recognized by both datasets. The present study primarily analyzed the influencing factors of the Guobude landslide, which exhibited the fastest deformation rate. A steep slope, low vegetation coverage, and unfavorable lithological mechanical properties were the predominant factors contributing to this landslide. In contrast, precipitation had an insignificant impact on landslide deformation. The multi-temporal InSAR approach, combined with geotechnical evaluation, offers an effective methodology for regional landslide identification and mechanism analysis in complex terrain. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of integrating SBAS-InSAR with optical remote sensing for landslide monitoring, providing a scientific foundation for disaster monitoring, risk assessment, and early warning in the upper Yellow River basin. The findings hold substantial significance for the development of real-time monitoring and early warning systems, the optimization of governance measures, and the promotion of ecological security and high-quality sustainable development in the upper reaches of the Yellow River.