Multi-Stage Collaborative Planning for Distribution Systems and Hydrogen Energy Systems under Uncertainty

With the rapid development of power-to-hydrogen technology, the integration of power distribution system (PDS) and hydrogen energy systems (HES) is becoming increasingly close. Under high renewable energy penetration, coordinating their planning has become a critical challenge. This paper proposes a multi-stage collaborative planning model to optimize resource allocation and address long-term uncertainties. In the PDS, the model optimizes investments in network infrastructure and renewables to meet rising electricity demand and hydrogen production needs. In the HES, it considers constraints on production, storage, and transportation, and optimizes the capacity of hydrogen generation and storage facilities. The planning problem is formulated as a multi-stage stochastic optimization model, which progressively reveals uncertainties in electricity. Case studies demonstrate that the proposed model significantly reduces total planning costs, improves renewable energy utilization, and provides more flexible decision-making under uncertainty. This work offers theoretical support and technical guidance for future integrated energy system planning.