Design for adaptability in refugee camps: from ad hoc to planned home-based enterprises

Purpose Design for adaptability (DFAD) has not been widely explored in architectural literature and in refugee camps particularly. This study investigates the use of DFAD in refugee camps to maximise the benefits of developing home-based enterprise (HBE) activities. Design/methodology/approach The research is based on a qualitative approach using visual ethnography in refugee camps at two different locations: Jordan and Kenya. It employs photographs as the main source of data as well as field notes, grey literature and informal conversations as supportive methods. An interpretive thematic approach was used to analyse the data. Findings The findings highlight the significance of applying DFAD in refugee camps to help develop HBEs in planned rather than ad hoc ways. The study draws attention to the importance of supporting refugees, particularly females who usually have less work opportunities, to develop entrepreneurship activities which will enhance not only their economic and social status, resilience and mental health, but can also benefit the hosting communities and enable further integration with other refugees. Research limitations/implications The findings are based on two diverse contexts but do not provide a complete universal representation. This study has a substantial impact on theory, practice and society. It offers new insights and practical recommendations to stakeholders involved in the planning and management of refugee camps, and informs NGOs as well as policymakers in these settings. Originality/value This article contributes to refugee and architectural studies by highlighting a considerable potential related to applying DFAD approaches in fast-changing contexts to support HBE activities, refugee empowerment and sustainability.