Population structure and genetic diversity of the Critically Endangered bowmouth guitarfish (Rhina ancylostomus) in the Northwest Indian Ocean

The bowmouth guitarfish ( Rhina ancylostomus ) is a unique and understudied species of wedgefish with a distribution spanning the Indo-Pacific Oceans. Due to targeted and bycatch fisheries, this species is experiencing serious declines across its range. It is now considered among the most threatened species of elasmobranch. Despite this, species-specific management is limited, particularly around primary fishing hotspots. This is in part due to knowing very little about fundamental population processes. Here, we combine mitochondrial and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data to carry out the first genetic assessment of R. ancylostomus across the Northwest Indian Ocean. We detect genetic differentiation across the northwest range, shaped by both oceanographic barriers and intrinsic dispersal constraints, and uncover a cline in genetic variation from east to west. These findings emphasise the importance of maintaining habitat connectivity while also identifying regions that may require heightened protection. In doing so, our study provides a critical baseline for conservation planning of R. ancylostomus and highlights the value of genomic data in elasmobranch conservation.