Enabling coexistence of cellular and cell-free communication systems for next generation of communications

The advancement towards next-generation wireless networks requires enhanced spectral and energy efficiency while ensuring ubiquitous connectivity. Co-existing cellular and cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (CF-MMIMO) networks have emerged as a promising technology combining the strengths of both architectures to improve network performance. In this paper, we propose embedded cellular and cell-free architectures that combine a traditional cellular network with cell-free distributed access points. We represent a comprehensive system model and design analysis. In addition, challenges including interference management, user association and network optimization are analyzed. The network planning and optimization strategies essential for practical deployment of such integrated systems are discussed. The proposed embedded model presents an advancement towards an energy-efficient and resilient wireless network that supports the increasing demand for seamless and high-capacity connectivity in future wireless systems.