The relationship between eating in the morning (breakfast) and insulin resistance in a group of the Iraqi population

The study supports the hypothesis that breakfast eating is associated with lower insulin resistance. However, the non-randomized sampling and the significant BMI differences between groups limit the ability to isolate breakfast as an independent factor. Further studies with matched cohorts or randomized controlled designs are needed to confirm these associations and to clarify causality. Nonetheless, the findings reinforce the potential metabolic risks of irregular eating patterns and support public health messaging promoting regular, balanced meals.