From categories to traits: assessing personality dysfunction in ICD-11 and the DSM-5 alternative model for personality disorders

Research in this area confirms that level of personality functioning and the presence of one or more pathological personality traits predict an array of clinical outcomes, including symptom disorders (e.g., anxiety, depression), suicide risk, and psychotherapy effectiveness. Findings support the cross-cultural generalizability of these patterns, and the clinical utility of assessing personality functioning and traits in adolescents and adults.