Effects of physical exercise on mindfulness level among female college students: the mediating effect of mobile phone addiction

The findings indicate that physical exercise can enhance female college students' trait mindfulness directly and indirectly by reducing mobile phone addiction. This implies the importance of promoting physical exercise and managing mobile phone use in universities, while combining mindfulness training with physical exercise may greatly benefit their comprehensive mental development. The cross-sectional design of this study can only reflect the co-occurrence of variables and cannot determine the causal direction. Using self-report scales, while accounting for potential social expectation biases and recall biases, future studies can further validate the conclusions through longitudinal tracking and multi-dimensional assessment.