Victimization by Peers and Alcohol Use: The Moderating Effect of Self-Efficacy and Social Support

Abstract Peer victimization and alcohol consumption are significant public health concerns in adolescence. This study examined their relationship and moderating factors among 4024 Spanish adolescents aged 14–17. Results show that 22% reported experiencing peer victimization, including physical, emotional, and sexual violence, in the past year. Over half reported drinking alcohol, with 40% engaging in heavy episodic drinking. Peer victimization was significantly associated with both alcohol use and heavy drinking. Age and gender differences emerged, with older adolescents consuming more alcohol and females engaging in less heavy drinking than males. Non-European identity was protective against alcohol use, reflecting cultural influences. Self-efficacy and adult social support moderated the victimization-alcohol use relationship, with victimized adolescents reporting higher alcohol use when these factors were present. This suggests drinking may serve as a strategy for social integration among victimized youth. Findings underscore the need for targeted interventions addressing self-efficacy, social support, and alcohol-related cognitive constructs. Programs should be age-appropriate, culturally sensitive, and inclusive of gender differences to effectively reduce alcohol use among victimized adolescents. Future research should investigate causal mechanisms and explore tailored strategies to mitigate the impact of peer victimization on adolescent alcohol use.