Bioactive Peptides in Leech Saliva: Therapeutic Mechanisms and Clinical Applications in Modern Wound Care

Leech therapy is a traditional medicinal system commonly known as hirudotherapy. Leech therapy is a fascinating blend of ancient medical healing and modern medicinal techniques. Hirudotherapy deals with the use of medicinal leeches (Hirudo medicinalis) to cure numerous health problems by improving blood circulation, reducing inflammation, and promoting healing by stimulating WBC. Leech therapy is an ancient system that’s currently being used once again in modern medicine, especially for healing wounds and improving blood circulation. A thorough review of the extensive literature on hirudotherapy was conducted using various platforms, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, and other reputable online databases. Key relevant suggestions were collected from the analyzed manuscripts and incorporated into the findings. H. medicinalis saliva contains a varied group of bioactive peptides with potent pharmacological and medicinal constituents, including anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, fibrinolytic, and vasodilatory effects. The current review synthesizes knowledge on key peptides such as hirudin, bdellins, eglins, calin, and destabilase, along with their molecular mechanisms in promoting wound healing and vascular regeneration. These compounds enhance microcirculation, modulate immune responses, and facilitate tissue remodeling, making them valuable adjuncts in treating post-surgical venous congestion, diabetic ulcers, and chronic inflammatory conditions.