Climatic Variation and Trend Analysis in Pakistan Using GIS Technique

The fluctuations in temperature and precipitation caused by climate change have a substantial impact on many regions worldwide. Pakistan and other agricultural nations face serious concerns due to climate variability. Objective: The main objectives of this study were to use GIS techniques to determine trend deduction in the analysis of climatic variation in Pakistan and to explore the variability of the country's climate. Method: This study analyzed data from 50 areas in Pakistan, to assess the degree of climatic sensitivity. The metrological data, which was collected from 1991 to 2022 from 50 stations, is used in this analysis. Using GIS, the long-term fluctuations as well as the mean annual, average temperatures as well as precipitation, were studied. Software for Geographic Information Systems (GIS), such as ArcMap, uses a spatial interpolation technique termed Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW). IDW uses the values observed at measured places to estimate values at unmeasured locations, giving closer points more weight than faraway points. Result: The past shows that the climate is changing. All aspects of our lives will be affected, but over time and across the country, the rate of change and the nature of the resulting consequences will vary. From the turn of the 20th century, Pakistan's average surface temperature has increased; the highest average temperature ever recorded in Larkana was 28.62 degrees in 1992. The highest recorded average temperature in Jacobabad was 27.64 degrees in 2022. In 2012, Abbottabad and Khurram Agency experienced the highest amount of rainfall. The rainfall from the previous year is not at all comparable to this year's. The locations with the highest rainfall in 2022 were Jacobabad, Khairpur, Abbottabad, Bhimbir, Noshera, Sawat, Dadu, and Larkana. This year's rainfall is significantly different than the previous thirty years. Since the precipitation on that day caused flooding across the country, 2022 was a rainy year. Conclusion: Research conducted on the variability of Pakistan's climate suggests that climatic shifts impacting the nation's diverse ecosystems and socio-economic framework interact in a complex way. Temperature data analysis showed seasonal patterns of fluctuation and a trend for average temperatures to increase in a number of areas.