OPTIMIZED CLUSTER BASED ENERGYAWAREROUTING (OCEAR) TO PROLONGNETWORKLIFETIME IN WSNS

Designing energy-ef icient WSN is complex. Ef ective routing is crucial for energy ef iciency due to its impact on energy consumption during communication. In WSNs, clustering involves selecting a CH, whichacts as a leader and consumes more energy. This process groups nodes into clusters, minimizing thecommunication range that each CH manages. This paper introduces the Optimized Cluster-Based Energy- Aware Routing (OCEAR) protocol to extend WSN lifetimes. Nodes are organized into clusters based onnode angle and variance, enhancing CH load balancing and distribution. We assess communicationmodels in dif erent scenarios to find those aligning with the free space model, thereby reducing energy usecompared to the multipath fading model. We derive closed-form expressions for the optimal CHnumber and location, linked to network size and energy use, and set an objective function to optimize CHselectionbased on node energy and CH location. OCEAR's energy ef iciency is ideal for battery-dependent devices and resource-limited systems, leading to longer device lifetimes and reduced costs. Compared to LEACH- C, IAFSA, and SCA-LM, OCEAR of ers superior energy ef iciency and network durability.