Studying the Effect of Yttrium Concentration on the Structural and Superconducting Properties of YBCO Superconductors

High-temperature superconductors (HTS) are widely utilized in modern technological applications due to their unique properties, primarily the expulsion of magnetic fields and nearly zero electrical resistance. This study investigates the influence of varying yttrium (Y) concentrations on the structural and superconducting properties of Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide (YBCO) superconductors. Three samples with different Y concentrations (Y = 1.00, 0.90, and 0.80) were synthesized using a solid-state reaction method. The prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD results revealed a phase transition from orthorhombic (space group Pmmm) at higher Y concentrations (Y = 1.00 and 0.90) to tetragonal (space group P4/mmm) at Y = 0.80, indicating a deterioration of superconducting properties. SEM analysis showed significant microstructural changes with Y concentration variations. The Y = 0.90 composition demonstrated an optimal balance of grain connectivity and porosity, suggesting it is suitable for high-performance superconducting applications. These findings highlight the critical role of yttrium concentration in tailoring YBCO properties for specific technological uses.