The removal of organic and pharmaceutical contaminants from aquatic solutions using the <scp>Fe/Ni</scp> dual‐doping <scp> TiO ₂ </scp> nano photocatalytic method

Abstract Globally, water contamination has become a major issue, and many individuals are deprived of potable clean water resources. Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) has recently attracted considerable scholarly interest for its potential application in water treatment processes due to its non‐toxic nature and elevated catalytic activity. The hydrothermal technique has been utilized to prepare pure TiO 2 and Fe/Ni dual‐doped TiO 2 to improve the photocatalytic efficacy for breaking down organic and pharmaceutical contaminants in wastewater using simple materials. x‐Ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV–visible spectrophotometer, zeta potential, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) were used to characterize the produced samples. The XRD pattern indicates that pure and Fe/Ni dual‐doped TiO 2 samples have a tetragonal structure and anatase phase. Doping TiO 2 with metal ions can prevent the crystal formation of the particles. An FE‐SEM image displays a spherical shape and uniform morphology. Utilizing a UV–Vis spectrophotometer, the absorbance spectra were measured. The outcomes demonstrated that the Fe/Ni dual‐doped TiO 2 had good visible light absorption. As demonstrated by several methods like HPLC and gas chromatography (GC), the TiO 2 and Fe/Ni‐doped TiO 2 system is very effective at promoting the breakdown of pharmaceutical and organic contaminants in wastewater. The Fe/Ni (3%,3%) dual‐doped TiO 2 had the strongest photocatalytic efficacy against the breakdown of pharmaceutical and organic pollutants, and catalysts may eliminate amoxicillin up to 100%. All specimens have high photocatalytic activity. Additionally, our research has demonstrated that the dual‐doped TiO 2 catalyst is a potential and successful water treatment technique.