Distributed robust optimal control strategy for integrated energy systems based on energy trading

Under the background of energy interconnection and low-carbon electricity, integrated energy systems (IES) play an important role in energy conservation and emission reduction. To further promote the low-carbon transition of energy, this paper proposes a distributed robust optimal control strategy for IESs based on energy trading. Firstly, an IES model that includes an electric hydrogen module and gas hydrogen doping combined heat and power is established, and ladder-type carbon trading is introduced to reduce carbon emissions. Secondly, for the energy trading issues between photovoltaic (PV) prosumers and IES, a bi-level model is constructed using Stackelberg game method, where the IES acts as the leader and the PV prosumers as the followers. Noteworthy, a distributed robust optimization method is used to address the uncertainty of renewable energy and load. Additionally, the Nash bargaining method ensures an equitable balance of benefits among the various IESs and encourages them to participate in market transactions. On this basis, an intermediary transaction mode is proposed to address cheating behaviors in trading. Finally, the simulation results demonstrate that the proposed strategy not only effectively promotes cooperative operation among multiple IESs but also significantly reduces the system’s operating costs and carbon emissions.