Recent progress of manipulating microenvironment for spinal cord injury therapy using nanoparticles

This review summarizes the the current strategies for building intelligent nanoparticles to regulate microenvironment and its advances in spinal cord injury treatment. The authors hope this review can provide valuable reference for the further development of nanoparticles clinical applications. • Spinal cord injury is a serious traumatic disease that seriously threat the health of patients. • Traditional drug therapy has the problem of low bioavailability and unexpected side effects. • This review summarize the recent advances of nano-delivery systems to regulate the microenvironment for treatment of spinal cord injury. Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe traumatic condition that profoundly compromises patients’ health and quality of life. While various therapeutic strategies, including pharmacotherapy, have been developed and demonstrate some efficacy, however their clinical application is significantly limited by challenges, such as low drug bioavailability and undesirable side effects. Moreover, a critical limitation is their frequently neglect the SCI microenvironment, which serves as the essential foundation for nerve regeneration. In contrast, intelligent nanoparticles-based delivery systems, owing to their excellent biocompatibility and high drug-loading capacity, they can modulate the SCI microenvironment on demand, hold great promise for improving SCI therapy. However, how to design intelligent nanoparticles to achieve precise microenvironment regulation for SCI therapy is still lack of a systematic summary. Therefore, this review summarizes recent advances in advances in modulating the microenvironment for treating SCI using targeted nano drug delivery system, hope provide a theoretical basis for the further development of nano-drug to treatment of SCI.