Accelerated 3D mapping of whole brain venous oxygenation with nested-shift under sampling and ESPIRIT reconstruction

Motivation: Non-invasive measurement of cerebral venous oxygenation (Yv) is essential, but existing method is limited to 2D due to technical difficulties, especially long scan duration. Goal(s): Developing a 3D T2-Relaxation-Under-Velocity-Encoding-and-Rapid-Acquisition (3D TRU-VERA) sequence for whole brain Yv quantification, including cortical and deep veins, while minimizing scan time. Approach: Optimized under-sampling schemes and reconstruction methods for accurate Yv quantification, validated with 2D techniques and tested for reproducibility and sensitivity to oxygenation change. Results: Nested-shift under-sampling with ESPIRIT provided optimal accuracy, achieved 1.04×1.04×2mm³ resolution in 7min23sec. 3D TRU-VERA demonstrated reliable Yv measurements, comparable to TRUST and TRUPC, and showing Yv reduction across veins post-caffeine. Impact: The 3D TRU-VERA sequence enables rapid, non-invasive assessment of venous oxygenation (Yv) across the entire brain, providing vessel-specific quantification and comprehensive evaluation of regional cerebral oxygen metabolism.