Sex-based differences in cerebral cortical structural development: a comparison between preterm and full-term neonates

Motivation: Although studies have demonstrated genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors contribute to sex differences in the structure of the human cerebral cortex, the amplification of sex differences in neonates has yet to be fully studied. Goal(s): To explore that sex differences in preterm infants will be amplified in full-term infants. Approach: We analyzed the sex differences in cortical structure based on the CorticalFlow deep learning model and D-K brain template between preterm and full-term infants respectively. Results: Results demonstrated there were no sex differences in cortical structure in preterm infants but differences in full-term infants. Impact: A better understanding of sex-related differences in healthy cerebral cortex structure during the neonatal period may help identify risk factors and protective mechanisms for brain disorders.