Optimizing rTMS Target Localization: Reliability and Stability Comparison Between Multi-Echo and Single-Echo fMRI

Motivation: Comparing with single-echo fMRI, multi-echo fMRI, acquiring signals at multiple echo times, greatly alleviate signal loss and improve reliability especially in clinically relevant cortical-subcortical regions. Goal(s): This study aims to systematically compare the reliability of functional connectivity and spatial stability of rTMS target localization determined by multi-echo and single-echo fMRI to test whether resting-state multi-echo fMRI provides a more reliable approach for personalized rTMS. Approach: Using a within-subject design, 34 healthy participants completed three sessions with both multi-echo and single-echo fMRI to evaluate short-term and long-term reliability of functional connectivity from four clinically relevant seeds, as well as target stability. Impact: This study aims to evaluate the potential of multi-echo fMRI as a more reliable method for guiding personalized rTMS. By offering more accurate and reproducible brain activity mapping, it may improve treatment outcomes of rTMS in the future.