Biocompatible Soft Robotics: Integrating Smart Materials for Biomedical Innovation

Biocompatible soft robotics is a revolutionizing field of biomedical engineering that enables the development of devices which closely interact with the human body. This review examines the use of smart materials in soft robotic systems, highlighting their healthcare and therapeutic applications. Soft actuators based on natural muscle motion ensure safe and tunable mechanical response for applications in dynamic biological settings. Hydrogel-based soft sensors possess high stretchability and sensitivity and are well suited to physiological monitoring. Bioinspired soft sensors replicate natural proprioceptive and tactile systems, improving robotic perception and touch. The addition of nanomaterials adds multifunctionality, including electrical conductivity, self-healing, and stimuli response, essential for advanced biomedical application. Advances in 3D and 4D printing allow for custom-programmable structures that can change over time and conditions and enable personalized medicine. A broad perspective of soft materials in wearable robotics reflects their applications in real-time diagnosis, rehabilitation, and assistive technology. In addition, implantable robotic devices are addressed with an emphasis on biocompatibility, minimally invasive delivery, and long-term performance. Together, this review emphasizes the collaborative promise of smart materials and soft robotics to transform medical devices, providing safer, more efficient, and patient-friendly options for future clinical adoption.