Achieving superoscillation with distant sidelobes with zone plates designed by factorization machines and quantum annealing

We use factorization machine with quantum annealing (FMQA) to design zone plates, achieving superoscillation distant sidelobes. Quantum annealing (QA) is a heuristic method that efficiently solves combinatorial problems. With the introduction of the factorization machine (FM), optical problems can be simplified to those with only quadratic couplings. Using the FMQA, we design zone plates with binary phases. Specifically, we consider the phase of each concentric ring in a zone plate to be binary values (0 or 𝜋𝜋), thereby converting the design problem into a binary combinatorial optimization problem. In the framework of the FMQA, FM converts the physical problems into a quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) formulation, which is subsequently solved using QA or QA-compatible solvers. Using the FMQA, we robustly obtain binary zone plates that achieve superoscillatory spots with high sidelobes far from the central spot. This approach offers a promising pathway for advancing high-resolution imaging, lithography, and nanophotonics.