Regularizing Random Points by Deleting a Few

Abstract It is well understood that if one is given a set $$X \subset [0,1]$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mo>⊂</mml:mo> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>]</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> of n independent uniformly distributed random variables, then $$\begin{aligned} \sup _{0 \le x \le 1} \left| \frac{\# X \cap [0,x]}{\# X} - x \right| \lesssim \frac{\sqrt{\log {n}}}{ \sqrt{n}} \qquad \text{ with } \text{ high } \text{ probability. } \end{aligned}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtable> <mml:mtr> <mml:mtd> <mml:mrow> <mml:munder> <mml:mo>sup</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>≤</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≤</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:munder> <mml:mfenced> <mml:mfrac> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>#</mml:mo> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∩</mml:mo> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>]</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>#</mml:mo> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mfrac> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> </mml:mfenced> <mml:mo>≲</mml:mo> <mml:mfrac> <mml:msqrt> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>log</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msqrt> <mml:msqrt> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msqrt> </mml:mfrac> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mtext>with</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mtext>high</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mtext>probability.</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace/> </mml:mrow> </mml:mtd> </mml:mtr> </mml:mtable> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> We show that one can improve the error term by removing a few of the points. For any $$m \le 0.001n$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≤</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.001</mml:mn> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> there exists a subset $$Y \subset X$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>Y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>⊂</mml:mo> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> obtained by deleting at most m points, so that the error term drops from $$\sim \sqrt{\log {n}}/\sqrt{n}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>∼</mml:mo> <mml:msqrt> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>log</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msqrt> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:msqrt> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msqrt> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> to $$ \log {(n)}/m$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>log</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> with high probability. When $$m=cn$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> for a small $$0 \le c \le 0.001$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>≤</mml:mo> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≤</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.001</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , this achieves the essentially optimal asymptotic order of discrepancy $$\log (n)/n$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>log</mml:mo> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . The proof is constructive and works in an online setting (where one is given the points sequentially, one at a time, and has to decide whether to keep or discard it). A change of variables shows the same result for any random variables on the real line with absolutely continuous density.

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Journal
Journal of Geometric Analysis
Published
2025-09-16
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12220-025-02177-z
Citations
1
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Mathematical Approximation and Integration
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article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
2.63

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article

Regularizing Random Points by Deleting a Few

Stefan Steinerberger, Dmitriy Bilyk
1 citations
Journal of Geometric Analysis
Mathematical Approximation and Integration
2.63
article

Regularizing Random Points by Deleting a Few

Stefan Steinerberger, Dmitriy Bilyk
article en
1 citations

Abstract

Abstract It is well understood that if one is given a set $$X \subset [0,1]$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mo>⊂</mml:mo> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>]</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> of n independent uniformly distributed random variables, then $$\begin{aligned} \sup _{0 \le x \le 1} \left| \frac{\# X \cap [0,x]}{\# X} - x \right| \lesssim \frac{\sqrt{\log {n}}}{ \sqrt{n}} \qquad \text{ with } \text{ high } \text{ probability. } \end{aligned}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtable> <mml:mtr> <mml:mtd> <mml:mrow> <mml:munder> <mml:mo>sup</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>≤</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≤</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:munder> <mml:mfenced> <mml:mfrac> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>#</mml:mo> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∩</mml:mo> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>]</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>#</mml:mo> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mfrac> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> </mml:mfenced> <mml:mo>≲</mml:mo> <mml:mfrac> <mml:msqrt> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>log</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msqrt> <mml:msqrt> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msqrt> </mml:mfrac> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mtext>with</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mtext>high</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mtext>probability.</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace/> </mml:mrow> </mml:mtd> </mml:mtr> </mml:mtable> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> We show that one can improve the error term by removing a few of the points. For any $$m \le 0.001n$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≤</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.001</mml:mn> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> there exists a subset $$Y \subset X$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>Y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>⊂</mml:mo> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> obtained by deleting at most m points, so that the error term drops from $$\sim \sqrt{\log {n}}/\sqrt{n}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>∼</mml:mo> <mml:msqrt> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>log</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msqrt> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:msqrt> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msqrt> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> to $$ \log {(n)}/m$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>log</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> with high probability. When $$m=cn$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> for a small $$0 \le c \le 0.001$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>≤</mml:mo> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≤</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.001</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , this achieves the essentially optimal asymptotic order of discrepancy $$\log (n)/n$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>log</mml:mo> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . The proof is constructive and works in an online setting (where one is given the points sequentially, one at a time, and has to decide whether to keep or discard it). A change of variables shows the same result for any random variables on the real line with absolutely continuous density.

Journal of Geometric AnalysisVol. 35(11)
University of Minnesota (US), University of Washington (US)
National Science Foundation
Openalex Percentile: Top 10%
Mathematical Approximation and Integration
2.63
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