FORENSIC IDENTIFICATION OF WEAPONS AND AMMUNITION IN THE COURSE OF CRIME INVESTIGATION

The article provides a comprehensive study of the theoretical and applied foundations of forensic identification of firearms and ammunition within the process of pre-trial investigation. It begins with the definition of key terms such as “weapon”, “ammunition”, and “identification” from the standpoint of forensic science, emphasizing the necessity of precise classification of weapon types (firearms, cold, and homemade weapons) and ammunition based on their design and function. The study further outlines the theoretical principles of the identification process, analyzing its core categories: generic, group, and individual identification. Particular attention is paid to the identification features of weapons and the microscopic traces left on bullets and cartridge cases, which serve as the basis for establishing the source of a shot. The article examines the methodological tools used in the identification process, including visual examination, microscopic and traceological analysis, and experimental shooting on ballistic stands. It emphasizes the importance of obtaining comparative samples and explains the role of such procedures in establishing the identity of a particular firearm. Furthermore, the article explores the use of modern technologies in the forensic identification process, including automated systems such as IBIS (Integrated Ballistics Identification System), 3D scanning, and digital comparison microscopy, which enhance accuracy and efficiency. The practical significance of forensic identification is revealed through its evidentiary value in determining the origin of the weapon, linking crimes committed in different locations, and establishing the suspect’s involvement. The article also highlights typical challenges in the expert practice, such as damaged or modified weapons, lack of proper comparative material, and the impact of human error or outdated methods. Based on the analysis, the paper outlines priority areas for improving the current system, such as modernization of the regulatory framework, introduction of national and international ballistic databases, technical re-equipment of laboratories, and ongoing professional training of forensic experts. These improvements are viewed as essential to ensuring objectivity, reliability, and timeliness of forensic examinations in criminal proceedings.