X-ray in forest seed evaluation: unveiling the physical, physiological, and sanitary quality of <i>Astronium urundeuva</i> (M. Allemão) Engl.

New computerized rapid analysis techniques are being applied to assess seed quality. In this context, this study evaluated the physical, physiological, and sanitary quality of Astronium urundeuva seeds using X-ray imaging, with images captured at a 15 cm focal distance and analyzed using ImageJ® software. The results demonstrated that the technique was effective in identifying empty seeds, internal damage, and structural abnormalities that directly affect germination and seedling vigor. A strong correlation was observed between the presence of intact embryos and the formation of normal seedlings, validating the use of radiography as a predictive tool of physiological quality. Lots 3 and 4 showed superior performance in morphological and structural traits. Therefore, the X-ray test proved to be a promising, rapid, nondestructive, and reliable method for screening forest seeds, with potential applications in conservation and ecological restoration programs.