A comprehensive review of emerging environmental contaminants of global concern

Abstract Emerging contaminants (ECs) encompass a diverse range of synthetic and naturally occurring chemicals, including pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), micro- and nano-plastics (MNPs), and biological agents.These contaminants have been increasingly detected in various environmental matrices due to increasing anthropogenic activities. Although not newly introduced, these substances have attracted growing scientific attention in recent years due to their potential ecological and human health impacts, coupled with advances in analytical methods that now allow detection at trace levels. This review presents a comprehensive synthesis of EC sources, environmental behavior, toxicological effects, and detection techniques. Analytical approaches such as gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectrometry (MS), and high-resolution tandem techniques (LC–MS/MS) have become central to EC identification and quantification. Additionally, molecular and biochemical tools, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and biosensors, are proving essential in the detection of biologically active contaminants and pathogens. ECs have been implicated in endocrine disruption, antibiotic resistance, oxidative stress, and bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms, posing threats to food safety and public health. Although urban and industrial regions typically show higher contamination levels, pristine environments are also impacted due to long-range environmental transport processes. Understanding the fate and distribution of ECs is vital for crafting regulatory frameworks and sustainable management strategies. A multidimensional approach involving advanced analytical science, environmental monitoring, policy action, and public awareness is crucial to mitigate the rising threat of emerging contaminants globally.