The use of diagnostic tools to assess the risks of chemicals to freshwater ecosystems: towards a unified evaluation framework
The risk assessment of chemicals relies on multiple tools to quantify the ecological responses of ecosystems to existing chemical pollution. These tools are broadly categorized into three major groups: toxic pressure assessments, bioassays, and ecological monitoring. Here, we examine the strengths and limitations of these approaches, their current level of implementation for freshwater ecosystems across Europe, and their ability to evaluate the impacts of chemicals under field conditions. Additionally, we analyze the correspondence between results obtained from these tools when applied to a monitoring dataset from German streams. Our evaluation showed that no single tool can perfectly characterize the environmental impacts of chemical mixtures. However, each provides distinct lines of evidence, enabling the identification of chemicals driving ecological risks and the biological endpoints most likely to be affected, with ecological monitoring tools having the potential to show long-term ecosystem impairment. Finally, we propose recommendations to better understand the discrepancies between the outcomes of different methods and explore their potential integration into a unified water quality evaluation framework.
Authors
- Melis Muz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6510-5864)
- Francisco Sylvester (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9981-3527)
- Udo Hommen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3301-5968)
- Peter C. von der Ohe (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7350-8962)
- Belén González-Gaya (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1497-9486)
- Paul J. Van den Brink (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7241-4347)
- Beate Isabella Escher (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5304-706X)
- Saskia Finckh (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3390-1625)
- Andreu Rico (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1820-4218)
- Alina Koch (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9327-7508)
- Nicolas Pucheux (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4296-4281)
- J. de Jonge
- Tobias Schulze (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9744-8914)
- Gastón Alurralde (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0332-3978)
- Naroa Lopez-Herguedas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6501-2024)
- Gabriele Treu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9277-1835)
- Matthias Liess (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3321-8909)
- Kelsey Ng (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2396-2993)
- Anne Bado‐Nilles
- Nikiforos Alygizakis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5727-4999)
- E. F. Cody
- Rémy Beaudouin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2855-1571)
- Mirco Bundschuh (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4876-220X)
- S. Jannicke Moe (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3681-3551)
- Yves Verhaegen
- Manu Soto (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4541-8182)
- Henner Hollert (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5776-5619)
- Iker Alvarez-Mora (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9814-2079)
Institutions
- Ikerbasque (ES)
- Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (DE)
- Universitat de València (ES)
- Stockholm University (SE)
- University of the Basque Country (ES)
- Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission (FI)
- University of Koblenz and Landau (DE)
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NO)
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SE)
- Concawe (BE)
- Environmental Institute (SK)
- Institut national de l'environnement industriel et des risques (FR)
- German Environment Agency (DE)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (DE)
- IMDEA Water (ES)
- Technological University Dublin (IE)
- Wageningen University & Research (NL)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Environmental Management
- Published
- 2025-09-16
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-025-02265-4
- Citations
- 1
- Primary Topic
- Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 1.20
Funders
- Generalitat Valenciana
- Norges Forskningsråd
- Norsk Institutt for Vannforskning