Construction and application of mammalian chromosomes

<p indent="0mm">The design and construction of chromosomes represent foundational technologies in synthetic biology. Over the past two decades, genomic design and synthesis research has made significant progress, transitioning from the microbial genomes to mammalian chromosomes. From the chromosomal structural elements and functional sequences to the unique application of the chromosomal disease models and humanized immune systems, the design and construction of mammalian chromosomes offer a novel technical paradigm for exploring and reconstructing the genomes of higher organisms. In this article, we focused on the design-construction-application workflow of mammalian chromosomes, and summarized the progress of the design principles, assembly methods, and practical applications. We discussed the challenges and proposed the future prospects for designing and constructing mammalian chromosomes.