The Pan Borneo Highway (PBH): A Study on the Economic-Security Nexus

The Pan Borneo Highway (PBH) project stands as one of Malaysia’s most significant infrastructure initiatives, designed to enhance connectivity and drive economic development in the states of Sabah and Sarawak on the island of Borneo. This study is dedicated to exploring the socio-economic and security implications arising from the construction of the PBH in East Malaysia. Despite its potential benefits, uncertainties surround the actual impact on socio-economic factors and security aspects. The PBH risks transforming into a financial burden if its economic and developmental effects are not thoroughly assessed and optimised. Furthermore, the enhanced connectivity facilitated by the highway may inadvertently lead to illicit activities, such as smuggling and human trafficking, if security measures along the network are insufficient. This study identifies security challenges due to increased cross-border movements and interactions associated with closer regional integration. To examine the impact of the PBH, this study adopts a qualitative approach, utilising unstructured interviews with key informants, a review of existing literature from diverse sources, and document analysis. Findings suggest that the PBH has the potential to spur economic growth by enhancing connectivity and creating job opportunities, particularly in agriculture and services. However, a comprehensive evaluation of security implications is imperative, considering the possibility of transnational threats arising from increased mobility in the region.