Beyond multiculturalism? Rethinking Japan's “tabunka-kyosei” through Axel Honneth's theory of recognition

Applying Honneth's three-layered framework of love, law, and solidarity, the study argues that institutional recognition and social solidarity are central to evaluating Japan's multicultural practices beyond cultural tolerance. The findings contribute to normative debates on tabunka-kyōsei and offer insights for designing inclusive policies in contemporary Japan.