Liability of internet intermediaries and legal challenges: a comprehensive systematic review

This systematic literature review examines the liability of internet intermediaries and the legal challenges associated with their role in the digital ecosystem. The study begins by outlining the significance of understanding intermediary liability in light of increasing concerns regarding online content, misinformation and user protection. The problem statement highlights the inconsistencies in legal frameworks across jurisdictions, which complicate the accountability of internet intermediaries for third-party content. To achieve this, the authors conducted an extensive search of scholarly articles from reputable databases such as Scopus and Web of Science focusing on studies published between 2023 and 2025. The study follows the PRISMA framework. The database found (n = 26) is the final primary data that has been analyzed. The findings are divided into four (4) themes, namely: (1) legal liability and regulation, (2) emerging technologies and online harm, (3) human rights and governance in the digital age, and (4) cybersecurity and digital governance. The analysis reveals that despite the challenges, there are emerging best practices that could influence future regulatory developments. In conclusion, addressing the legal challenges faced by internet intermediaries requires a collaborative effort among lawmakers, industry players and civil society to establish definitive legal guidelines that strike a balance between accountability and safeguarding freedom of expression as well as digital innovation. This review underscores the importance of ongoing research and cross-disciplinary discussion to navigate the complexity of intermediary liability in a rapidly evolving technological landscape.