Psychometric properties of martial art kendo players: a multicultural exploratory online questionnaire survey

Our results support that kendo can lead to increased psychometric properties compared to non-kendo. Result differences when split in to Japanese vs European could be attributed to cultural differences. These cultural differences could affect baseline levels of reported self-esteem within a population and could be why there was a discernible difference between Japanese and European participants. Sports lacking this mindfulness component do not provide the same prescribed benefits. However, the degree of impact pertaining to these results remains to be seen and should be further investigated before being applied in a clinical setting in the future.