Comprehensive Review of Seed-Borne Pathogens: Challenges and Control in Crop Production

Seed-borne diseases pose a significant threat to agriculture by affecting the seed quality, germination, and crop yield. This review examines how seed-borne pathogens including fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes affect agricultural productivity and food security. The mechanisms of transmission and infection were analyzed, focusing on vertical transmission and seed microbiome dynamics. The factors affecting disease prevalence, including environmental conditions and seed storage practices, were examined. The review assessed the effects of seed treatment on crop productivity and yield, emphasizing the importance of seed health. Methods for detecting seed-borne pathogens, including visual inspection, blotter tests, and PCR-based techniques, are presented. Seed health testing and certification of global trade requirements are also highlighted. This review addresses the challenges in managing these diseases, including novel pathogens and climate change impacts. A comprehensive strategy incorporating technological innovations and enhanced regulations is required for sustainable crop production.