A Study of Gender Tradeoffs in Saffron Cultivation, Herat, Afghanistan

This research explores gender dynamics concerning saffron cultivation in the Herat province of Afghanistan. It highlights the roles, responsibilities, and challenges both female and male farmers face. Using a random sampling technique, data were gathered from 150 farmers (75 males and 75 females) across five villages in the Pashtun Zarghun district. The study employed questionnaires to collect information on socio-economic characteristics, involvement in saffron cultivation, and its impact on household economies. The findings revealed that women are heavily involved in saffron cultivation, especially in labour-intensive tasks, but they face significant barriers to accessing resources, training opportunities, and marketing. The ordinary least squares (OLS) Model results showed that market access, financial resources, agricultural training, and time poverty positively influenced the economic return for women in saffron cultivation, while mobility restriction had no significant effect. These challenges are further exacerbated by the absence of cultural and social norms that should enhance women's participation in decision-making and leadership roles within the agricultural sector. However, women's involvement in saffron production positively impacts their households' well-being, including economic status, education, and social activities. The study suggests intervention measures are needed to improve gender equity in resource distribution, enhance access to education and training, and increase women's participation in decision-making processes. Addressing these issues is essential for promoting sustainable and inclusive agricultural practices that empower women and contribute to the socio-economic development of the region.