Recurrent Nephrolithiasis and Pyelonephritis in a 6-Year-Old Boy with Incidentally Diagnosed Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection and Hydatid Cyst: A Case Report

Introduction: Hydatid cyst is an endemic disease that commonly involves the lungs in pediatric patients. Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (PAPVC) encompasses a broad range of congenital cardiovascular abnormalities in which one or more pulmonary veins do not drain directly into the left atrium. In this report, we present a 6-year-old boy with recurrent nephrolithiasis who was incidentally diagnosed with PAPVC and a hydatid cyst. Case Presentation: A 6-year-old boy was referred for the treatment of recurrent nephrolithiasis. The patient had ureteral stones and was affected by a urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. He was admitted for 40 days due to a resistant infection and urinary retention. His mother also reported that he occasionally had mild coughs. A chest X-ray (CXR) was performed to evaluate the cough. Due to suspicious lung findings, abdominal and lung computed tomography (CT) scans were requested. A hydatid cyst was incidentally diagnosed in the right lower lobe. Pre-surgery evaluations for the hydatid cyst surgery revealed cardiac abnormalities, including a sinus venosus atrial septal defect (ASD), right ventricular dilation, right atrial dilation, moderate tricuspid regurgitation, and mild pulmonary hypertension. The CT angiography confirmed the diagnosis of PAPVC. After the treatment of the UTI, the hydatid cyst was resected, and 6 months later, the patient underwent cardiac surgery. The patient had no problems during follow-up. Conclusions: Hydatid cysts and some cardiac abnormalities may be asymptomatic and may be found incidentally during examinations.